For anyone actively involved in financial markets, timing is crucial. From choosing the right moment to enter the market to deciding when to square off a position, traders and investors plan their moves carefully, taking into account settlement days, holidays, and market closure timings. Understanding any interruptions in market operations is essential for effective investment and trading strategies.
While many are familiar with market off days and closure timings, the distinction between settlement holidays and exchange holidays can often be confusing. Although they might seem similar, these two types of holidays serve different purposes and have different impacts on financial market operations.
In this blog, we’ll break down the differences between settlement holidays and exchange holidays so you can better plan and time your investments and trades.
Table of Contents
Exchange Holidays
An exchange holiday is a day when the stock exchanges, such as the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India, are completely closed. This means no buying, no selling, no trading activity whatsoever can take place on the exchange platforms for any segment, be it equities, derivatives (futures and options), or even commodities (unless otherwise specified for certain sessions).
These holidays are typically declared in advance by the exchanges by directives from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). They usually coincide with national public holidays, major festivals, or other significant events. For instance, in India, holidays like Republic Day, Diwali, Holi, and Christmas are common exchange holidays.
What Happens on an Exchange Holiday?
- Complete Halt: All secondary market transactions come to a standstill. Traders cannot enter or exit positions.
- No Order Execution: Any pending orders (like limit orders or stop-loss orders) that were not executed before the market close on the preceding trading day will remain unexecuted.
- No Price Movement: Since no trades are happening, there are no price movements or updates. The last closing prices from the previous trading day remain static.
- Accumulated News: Major economic, political, or company-specific news that breaks during an exchange holiday can lead to significant price gaps when the market reopens. This can be both an opportunity and a risk.
Settlement Holidays
A settlement holiday is a day when the stock exchanges are open for trading, allowing you to buy and sell securities as usual. However, the crucial settlement process for trades, which involves the actual transfer of securities to the buyer and funds to the seller, does not occur on that day.
In India, stock market transactions generally follow a T+1 settlement cycle (Trade day plus one working day). This means if you buy shares on Monday, they are typically credited to your demat account on Tuesday, and if you sell shares on Monday, the funds are available for withdrawal on Tuesday. Settlement holidays disrupt this cycle.
Settlement holidays typically occur when depositories (like NSDL and CDSL) or clearing corporations are closed, even if the stock exchanges themselves are open. A common reason for a settlement holiday in India is the “Annual Bank Closing” or other specific holidays that might not be declared as full trading holidays.
What Happens on a Settlement Holiday?
- Trading Continues: You can place buy and sell orders, and trades will be executed as normal, reflecting live market prices.
- Settlement Deferred: Any trade that was scheduled to settle on the settlement holiday (i.e., trades executed on T-1 day, where T-1 was a regular trading day) will have its settlement postponed to the next working day when the depositories and clearing systems resume operations.
- Funds and Shares Availability:
- If you sold shares on the trading day immediately preceding a settlement holiday, the funds from that sale will not be credited to your trading account for withdrawal until after the settlement holiday.
- If you bought shares, they will not be credited to your demat account until after the settlement holiday, meaning you cannot sell them until they are settled.
Impact on Traders:
- Delayed Fund/Share Availability: Your funds from selling shares or shares from buying them will be available later than the usual T+1 cycle. This can affect your liquidity and ability to reuse funds.
- BTST (Buy Today, Sell Tomorrow) Challenges: For traders engaging in BTST, a settlement holiday on T+1 means the shares bought on ‘T’ day won’t be settled and hence won’t be available for selling on ‘T+1’ (which is the settlement holiday). This can lead to potential short delivery issues if not managed carefully.
- Derivatives Trading: While trading in derivatives segments like F&O might continue, the final settlement of profits/losses for expired contracts on the day before a settlement holiday will be delayed.
Key Differences at a Glance:
| Feature | Trading Holiday | Settlement Holiday |
|---|---|---|
| Market Status | Exchanges are completely closed. | Exchanges are open for trading. |
| Trading | No trading activities allowed. | Trading activities are allowed as usual. |
| Settlement | No settlement occurs (since no trading). | The settlement of past trades is postponed/deferred. |
| Reason | National holidays, major festivals, and market events. | Bank holidays, depository closures, and other financial system breaks. |
How to Stay Updated on Settlement & Exchange Holidays
To ensure you never miss a crucial trading or settlement day, it’s important to stay updated on both exchange and settlement holidays. The easiest way to do this is by checking the official stock market holiday calendar, which provides a clear breakdown of when the markets are closed for trading and when settlements are paused.
You can view the complete holiday calendar on our website here:
Bookmark it for quick access and better planning throughout the year.
Conclusion
While settlement holidays and exchange holidays may sound similar, they impact your trading and investing experience in different ways. Well-informed traders and investors distinguish between these two, adapting their strategies and managing their expectations to ensure that market holidays become periods of planned rest rather than unexpected complications.
